Biodiversity is microbial fertilizers to the soil to increase nutrient capture by plants from the soil or air. Commonly used microbes capable of living together (symbiosis) with its host plant. The advantages gained by both parties, host get additional nutrients are needed, while the microbes get organic materials for activity and growth. Microbes are used as a biological fertilizer (hbiofertilizer) can be administered directly into the soil, organic fertilizer or included in disalutkan the seeds to be planted. Using prominent today is microbial N and microbial fastening to increase the availability of P in soil.
Nitrogen-fixing microbes
The main source of N derived from N2 gas from the atmosphere. Levels of nitrogen gas in the earth's atmosphere approximately 79% of the volume. Although the amount is very large but can not be utilized by higher plants, unless it has a form available. The process of change: (1). Tethering by microbes and other organisms jazad. Jazad symbiotic organisms that live there with legume crops (beans) as well as non-legume crops, (2). Tethering by jazad-jazad free-living organisms in the soil or are living on the surface of plant organs such as leaves, and (3). Belay as oxides due to electric discharge in the atmosphere.
Tables. Range of energy sources and biological N fixation
Tethering nitrogen by rhizobia
For centuries, the use of legumes (beans) in a crop rotation and the use of manure is an important means in the provision of additional nitrogen in non-legume plants. Although it is still a great source of nitrogen contribution to plant growth, for decades now this source of nitrogen beans, peas and manure increasingly declining role. Total nitrogen tethered by rhizobia varies depending on strain, host plants and their environment, including the availability of nutrients needed. New Zealand is a country that is very concerned with the use of nitrogen fertilizers derived from mooring N from the atmosphere. Many genus rhizobia which can only live a ride on a particular host plant (specific). For example, bacterial symbiosis with soybean (Soybean) generally can not symbiotically with the plant alfalfa (Medicago). In order to tie up nitrogen capacity is high then the host should dinokulasi with the appropriate inoculants.Tables. Suitability of rhizobia to the host plant
Tethering by rhizobia maximum when nitrogen nutrient availability in the state minimum. It is advisable to give a little nitrogen fertilizer as a starter, so that young seedlings have sufficient N rhizobia settled well before the roots. In contrast to the large amount of nitrogen fertilizer or continuously will reduce activities that are less effective rhizobia. Free-living N fastening Tethering nitrogen in the soil is done by free-living microorganisms, meaning symbiosis with the host plant. The bodies of these include blue-green algae (Chyanophiceae) and free-living bacteria. Free-living bacteria is Rhodospirillum sp. that photosynthesis, which is the body is Clostridium and Azotobacter and Beiyerinckia anerob are aerobic. Blue-green algae living in a variety of environmental conditions, even on the rock surface in the arid desert land. He is auototrof perfect and only require sunlight, water, nitrogen-free, carbon dioxide and salts containing essential mineral nutrients. Since algae need sunlight then thought little effect on the addition of N in agricultural land cultivated in the highlands. Another benefit derived from the blue-green algae is the biological decay to become more open another life at the beginning of soil genesis. In terms of agricultural nitrogen belay by free-living bacteria in the soil has a more important role than the blue-green algae. These bodies, except Rhodospirillum, require a source of energy in the form of crop residues or animal. Some power is the result of oxidation of the nitrogen used to tie up the air. The maximum ability by this body belay nitrogen ranged from 20 to 40 kg N per hectare per year. Besides bacteria bersimbise fastening the existing free-living microbial microbial and blue algae (blue green algae) were able to tie up N air. Tables. The type of bacteria-free mooring N and nature.
Bacterial Phosphate Solvents 03
Bacteria solvent Phosphate (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria)
Some soil microbes can produce plant hormones that can stimulate plant growth. Hormones produced by the microbes will be absorbed by the plants so that the plants will grow faster or bigger. Groups of microbes that can produce plant hormones, such as: Pseudomonas sp and Azotobacter sp. Reactions that occur during the leaching process P of the form is not available is chelation reaction between the metal ions in the mineral soil with organic acids. Chelation is a balance reaction between metal ion binding agent, which is characterized by the formation of more than one bond between the molecules of the metal binding agents, which led to the formation of the ring structure surrounding the metal. The mechanism of binding of Al and Fe by the functional groups of the organic component is due to the presence of one carboxyl group and a phenolic group, or two adjacent carboxyl groups react with metal ions.
Microbes play a role in phosphate dissolving bacteria, fungi and aktinomisetes. From the group of bacteria including: Bacillus firmus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. polymixa, B. Megatherium, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Micrococus and Mycobacterium. From groups such as fungi: Aspergillus niger, A. Candidus, Fusarium, Penicillum, Schlerotium & Phialotobus. While from the group aktinomisetes is Streptomyces sp .. According to Alexander (1986) microbes can be grown in a medium containing Ca3 (PO4) 2, FePO4, AlPO4, apatite, rock P and P-inorganic components as a source of P.
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